Method and apparatus for implementing measurement based dynamic frequency hopping in wireless communication systems

ABSTRACT

Proposed is a method for reducing interference in a frequency hopping wireless communications system. In one embodiment of the present invention, a base station and a terminal station each using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique to simultaneously measure an interference level for each system frequency and to enable high speed frequency hop pattern changes which can follow changes in desired and interfering signal levels due to changes in co-channel interference or shadow fading. The terminal station interference level measurement values are then transmitted to the base station. Next, the base station identifies each frequency hop pattern currently in use by each terminal station communicating with that base station. The base station then uses both the base station interference level measurements and the terminal station interference level measurements to identify each frequency hop pattern in which at least one of the current system frequencies should be replaced with a system frequency having a lower interference level. Next, the base station replaces no more than a predetermined number of the current system frequencies within the identified frequency hop pattern(s). The above steps are executed at each base station within the system while ensuring that nearby interfering base stations do not replace frequencies at the same time.

INFORMATION

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention reduces interference levels within a frequency hopping wireless communication system by dynamically replacing system frequencies in use within selected frequency hopping patterns with system frequencies having lower interference levels and by precluding nearby mutually interfering system components (such as base stations) from simultaneously making frequency replacements using the same available system frequencies. FIG. 1 is a diagram of a system suitable for practicing an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 1, a geographic area served by a frequency hopping wireless communications system is divided into a plurality of cells . In this embodiment three hexagonal cells are shown. The system can have more or less than three cells and the cells need not be hexagonal in shape. Each cell includes a base station and one or more terminal stations . Terminal stations may be fixed or mobile. Each base station and terminal station is adapted to transmit and receive voice and/or data information using radio frequency signals.

Each base station is adapted to be connected to a mobile switching center (MSC) . MSC is adapted to be connected to a fixed network . Fixed network may be, for example, a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).

Each base station may select from the entire set of radio frequencies available to the communications system for use in two-way communication with terminal stations located within the geographic area of the cell in which each base station is located. Two-way communication between a base station and a particular terminal station within the same cell is accomplished by sequentially modulating a set of system radio frequencies with voice and/or data information. The chronological sequence in which each frequency within the set is modulated with voice and/or data information is known as a frequency hop pattern. Each radio frequency within a given frequency hop pattern is modulated with voice and/or data information for a duration of time known as a frequency dwell.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a frequency hop pattern composed of six frequency dwells. In FIG. 2, time is incremented in milliseconds (ms) along the horizontal axis and frequency is incremented in megahertz (MHz) along the vertical axis. The frequency hop pattern of FIG. 2 repeats each 60 ms. Each frequency dwell within this frequency hop pattern has a duration of 10 ms. The system frequency in use during each frequency dwell of this frequency hop pattern may be determined using FIG. . For example, the 820 MHz system frequency is modulated with voice and/or data information during the first frequency dwell of this frequency hop pattern.

Each base station in FIG. 1 controls which of the system radio frequencies are allocated to the frequency hop pattern used to communicate with each terminal station within that base station's cell . First, the base station selects the frequencies which will be used to communicate with a particular terminal station . The base station then informs the terminal station of the selected frequencies by, for example, transmitting a message to that terminal station using predetermined designated control frequencies. Similarly, to preclude terminal stations within the same cell from simultaneously transmitting voice and/or data information using the same frequency, each base station controls the sequence of frequencies (i.e., which frequency is used during each frequency dwell) within the frequency hop patterns used by terminal stations within that base station's cell .

FIG. 3 illustrates a terminal station and a base station suitable for practicing an embodiment of the present invention. Terminal station is a known device, such as a cellular telephone, modified in accordance with the present invention. As illustrated in FIG. 3, terminal station comprises a processor adapted to be connected to a transceiver and a computer readable memory . Transceiver is adapted to be connected to an antenna .

Computer readable memory stores computer program code segments which, when executed by processor implement the main functionality for this embodiment of the invention. These computer program code segments are included within a quality measurement module and a frequency hopping module . Although in this embodiment of the invention, the computer program code segments are shown in two modules, it can be appreciated that these modules can be further separated into more modules or combined into one module, and still fall within the scope of the invention.

Base station is a known device modified in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated in FIG. 3, base station comprises a processor adapted to be connected to a computer readable memory and a transceiver . Transceiver is adapted to be connected to an antenna .

Computer readable memory stores computer program code segments which, when executed by processor implement the main functionality for this embodiment of the invention. These computer program code segments are included within three modules: a quality measurement module , a frequency hop pattern adaptation module , and a frequency hopping module . Although in this embodiment of the invention, the computer program code segments are shown in three modules, it can be appreciated that these module can be further separated into more modules or combined into one module, and still fall within the scope of the invention.

By simultaneously (rather than sequentially) measuring an interference level for each system frequency, the method of the present invention obtains frequency interference level measurement values faster than current methods. In one embodiment of the present invention, simultaneous system frequency interference level measurements are rapidly obtained using a wideband transceiver and an OFDM technique. FIG. 4 illustrates the terminal station and base station of FIG. 3 modified to implement OFDM processing in hardware, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Terminal station includes a wideband transceiver and an OFDM block (described in greater detail below) in addition to the components described above with reference to terminal station of FIG. . Similarly, Base station includes a wideband transceiver and an OFDM block (described in greater detail below) in addition to the components described above with reference to terminal station of FIG. .

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of an OFDM block, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 5, an OFDM block comprises a serial to parallel conversion device adapted to receive an input signal from a wideband transceiver, such as wideband transceiver or wideband transceiver of FIG. 4. A fast Fourier transform (FFT) processing device is adapted to receive “N” input signals from serial to parallel conversion device . A parallel to serial conversion device is adapted to receiver “N” input signals from FFT processing device . Parallel to serial conversion device is also adapted to send an output signal to a processor such as processor or processor of FIG. . OFDM block also comprises a serial to parallel conversion device adapted to receive an input signal from a processor such as processor or processor of FIG. . An inverse fast fourier transform (IFFT) device is adapted to receive “N” input signals from serial to parallel conversion device . A parallel to serial conversion device is adapted to receive “N” input signals from IFFT processing device . Parallel to serial conversion device is also adapted to send an output signal to a wideband transceiver such as wideband transceiver or wideband transceiver of FIG. .

As mentioned previously terminal stations and base stations of the present invention are adapted to transmit and receive data. Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention, an OFDM block similar to that illustrated in FIG. 5 is included within each terminal station and each base station of the wireless communication system. To transmit data from terminal station to base station , terminal station provides a high bit rate data stream to an OFDM block within terminal station such as OFDM block illustrated in FIG. . Serial to parallel conversion device receives the high bit rate data stream and uses this data stream to generate “N” parallel low bit rate data streams (where “N” is an integer value). The value of “N” is determined by the number of frequencies available to the wireless communication system. Serial to parallel conversion device then sends these “N” parallel low bit rate data streams to IFFT processing device . IFFT processing device uses each of the “N” parallel low bit rate data streams to modulate “N” different carrier frequencies and then converts each of these “N” frequency domain signals to “N” corresponding time domain signals. IFFT processing device sends these “N” time domain signals to parallel to serial conversion device . Parallel to serial conversion device uses the “N” time domain signals to generate a single signal comprised of a high bit rate serial stream of data and sends this high bit rate serial data stream signal to a wideband transceiver or a modulating device where the data stream is used to modulate a range of carrier frequencies available to the wireless communications system. The modulated signal is then transmitted through the air to base station .

Upon receiving the modulated high bit rate serial data stream signal, base station may use either wideband transceiver or another demodulating device to demodulate the high bit rate serial data stream signal from the carrier frequency. This high bit rate serial data stream signal is then sent to an OFDM block within base station such as the OFDM block illustrated in FIG. . Serial to parallel conversion device receives the high bit rate serial data stream and converts this data stream to “N” parallel low bit rate data stream signals. These “N” parallel low bit rate data stream signals are then sent to FFT processing device . FFT processing device uses the “N” parallel low bit rate data stream signals to generate “N” output signals, where “N” is the number of frequencies available to the communications system. Each system frequency is simultaneously represented by one output from FFT processing device . As described below, signals output from FFT processing device are used to simultaneously determine the quality of each system frequency. In one embodiment, the quality of each system frequency is determined by comparing the relative amplitudes of each signal output from FFT processing device . If measurements are taken during a period in time when no terminal station is transmitting data using a particular system frequency, the output signal from FFT processing device which corresponds to this particular signal may represent the value of interference at that frequency. Thus, the higher the amplitude of that FFT processing device signal, the higher the interference level experienced at that particular frequency. Other methods for representing the quality of each system frequency such as a ratio of signal to noise may be obtained in a similar manner.

The parallel signals output from FFT processing device are sent to parallel to serial conversion device . Parallel to serial processing device uses these parallel signals to regenerate the high bit rate serial data stream which terminal station sent to base station 's OFDM block. Parallel to serial processing device then sends this high bit rate serial data stream to processor for further processing by base station . This further processing may entail sending the data stream to a PSTN through an MSC as illustrated in FIG. .

OFDM processing may be implemented in hardware, as described above or in software. FIG. 6 illustrates the terminal station and base station of FIG. 3 modified to implement OFDM processing in software, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Terminal station includes a wideband transceiver , an analog to digital/digital to analog processing device , and an OFDM module (described in greater detail below) in addition to the components described above with reference to terminal station of FIG. . Similarly, base station includes a wideband transceiver , an analog to digital/digital to analog processing device , and an OFDM module in addition to the components described above with reference to base station of FIG. . Both analog to digital/digital to analog processing devices and include components used to convert a received analog signal to a digital output signal (and vice versa) as appropriate. Analog to digital/digital to analog processing devices and transmit signals to and receive signals from OFDM modules and respectively via processors and respectively. OFDM modules and include computer program code segments (as described above with reference to FIG. 3) which implement OFDM signal processing in a manner similar to that described above with reference to FIG. .

For example, upon receiving a modulated signal from terminal station , base station first demodulates the signal from the carrier frequency using wideband transceiver or another demodulation device. The demodulated signal is then converted from analog form to a corresponding digital representation using analog to digital/digital to analog conversion device . The digital signal is then processed as described above with reference to FIG. 5 by using processor to execute the computer program code segments within OFDM module . Similar steps are followed in reverse by base station when transmitting data to terminal station .

An example of the method of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIG. 1, FIG. and FIG. . To initialize the system, each base station is time synchronized using a system such as the Global Positioning System. (GPS). Once each base station is time synchronized, a repeating time segment (referred to herein as a “superframe”) is divided into three time segments known as frames and each base station is assigned to a frame within the superframe. FIG. 7 illustrates a superframe in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The repeating superframe of FIG. 7 is divided into three frames.

Once base stations are time synchronized, the following steps (explained below with reference to FIG. 4) are performed at each of the three base stations of FIG. . For the purpose of this example, assume a plurality of terminal stations such as terminal station illustrated in FIG. 4 are physically located within the geographic area of base station 's cell. First, base station uses quality measurement module to obtain quality measurement values for each system frequency. These quality measurements may be obtained, for example, through processor from a device such as OFDM block . More particularly, these measurements may be obtained from a device such as FFT processing device (illustrated in FIG. 5) included within OFDM block . Each frequency is represented by an FFT output. In one embodiment, if a frequency was not being used for transmission during a time period when measurements are obtained from FFT module , all the energy observed at the output corresponding to that frequency represents the value of interference at that frequency. Thus, the higher the amplitude of the value received from FFT module , the higher the interference level for that frequency. In another embodiment, each output of FFT module represents a ratio of the strength of the frequency signal to the noise level experienced by that frequency signal:

Either on a continuous basis or upon receiving a request from base station each of the plurality of terminal stations obtain quality measurements for all system frequencies available to the communications system. These measurements are accomplished in a manner similar to that described above. The plurality of terminal stations then send their frequency quality measurements to base station . Using both the frequency quality measurements obtained by base station and the frequency quality measurements received from the plurality of terminal stations , quality measurement module determines a quality value for each system frequency and assigns a rank number to each system frequency based upon the determined quality values. The rank numbers associated with each system frequency increase as the quality value of each frequency decreases. This measurement and ranking is accomplished independently for uplink and downlink frequency hop patterns.

Quality measurement module next retrieves the identity of each system frequency used in each frequency dwell of each frequency hop pattern used by each of the plurality of terminal stations . As mentioned previously, base station controls and assigns the frequencies within the frequency hop patterns implemented by terminal stations within base station 's cell. Thus, this information may be retrieved from within computer readable memory . Next, quality measurement module assigns the rank number to each frequency dwell which corresponds to the system frequency modulated during that frequency dwell.

Quality measurement module then analyzes each frequency hop pattern using the rank information to identify terminal station frequency hop patterns in which one or more frequencies should be replaced with system frequencies having higher quality values (lower interference levels). This replacement information is then sent to frequency hop pattern adaptation module . Frequency hop pattern adaptation module determines which frequencies should be replaced and informs frequency hopping module . Frequency hopping module makes the appropriate frequency changes and uses processor to transmit a message to frequency hopping module . This message instructs frequency hopping module to make the same frequency changes. Frequency changes within frequency hop patterns also occur independently for uplink and downlink frequency hop patterns.

One method for analyzing the frequency hop patterns in use by terminal stations communicating with base station is referred to herein as the “mobile ranking method.” The mobile ranking method entails first assigning a cumulative score to each terminal station. The cumulative score for a terminal station is obtained by summing the rank numbers (or the quality measurement values) assigned to the frequency dwells within that terminal station's frequency hop pattern. Each terminal station is then ranked according to the individually assigned cumulative scores. The terminal station with the worst (highest) cumulative score receives a new frequency hop pattern composed of the best quality frequencies available for each frequency dwell of that frequency hop pattern. The terminal station with the second worst score receives a new frequency hop pattern composed of the next best quality set of frequencies for each individual frequency dwell. This procedure is repeated until the terminal station with the lowest cumulative score receives a new frequency hop pattern composed of the remaining best quality frequencies. In the preferred embodiment, the total number of available system frequencies exceeds the number of frequencies required to assign one system frequency to each frequency dwell within each frequency hop pattern by such a margin that, during the mobile ranking method, the lowest quality frequencies will not be allocated to any frequency hop pattern.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the above frequency hop pattern analysis method is modified by comparing the cumulative score assigned to each terminal station to a predetermined threshold value. This analysis method is referred to herein as the “threshold based mobile ranking method.” No frequency hop pattern reassignments are made for terminal stations having a cumulative score below the threshold value. The frequencies in use by those terminal stations with a cumulative score below the threshold value are not available for reassignment to terminal stations having a cumulative score higher than the threshold value. The terminal stations having cumulative scores above the threshold value are ranked according to their cumulative scores. The terminal station with the worst (highest) cumulative score receives a new frequency hop pattern composed of the remaining available best quality frequencies for each frequency dwell of that frequency hop pattern. The terminal station with the second worst score receives a new frequency hop pattern composed of the next remaining best quality set of frequencies. This procedure is repeated until the terminal station (from among the pool of terminal stations having a cumulative score above the threshold value) with the lowest cumulative score receives a new frequency hop pattern composed of the remaining best quality frequencies. In the preferred embodiment, the total number of available system frequencies exceeds the number of frequencies required to assign one system frequency to each frequency dwell within each frequency hop pattern by such a margin that, during the threshold based mobile ranking method, the lowest quality frequencies will not be allocated to any frequency hop pattern.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the frequency hop patterns in use by terminal stations communicating with base station are analyzed by identifying each frequency dwell which includes a frequency having a rank number in the higher end of the range of rank numbers. In accordance with this method, referred to herein as the “frequency dwell ranking method,” frequencies with higher rank numbers are systematically replaced with frequencies having lower rank numbers. As a higher quality (lower rank number) frequency is used as a replacement, that frequency is removed from the pool of available replacement frequencies which may be used in that same frequency dwell by other terminal stations. Removing frequencies from the pool in this manner ensures no two terminal stations attempt to modulate the same frequency with voice and/or data information during simultaneously occurring frequency dwells.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, an analysis method referred to herein as the “threshold based frequency dwell ranking method” is employed. In this embodiment, the rank of each frequency within each frequency dwell is compared to a predetermined threshold value. Frequencies having rank numbers below the threshold value remain in use during their current frequency dwell and are removed from the pool of available replacement system frequencies. Among the frequencies having rank numbers above the threshold value, the lowest quality frequencies are systematically replaced with the highest quality frequencies. As a higher quality frequency is used as a replacement, that frequency is removed from the pool of available replacement system frequencies which may be used in that same frequency dwell by other terminal stations. Removing frequencies from the pool in this manner ensures no two terminal stations attempt to modulate the same frequency with voice and/or data information during simultaneously occurring frequency dwells.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, regardless of the frequency hop analysis method employed, the number of frequencies which may be replaced within any one frequency hop pattern is limited by a predetermined number.

There are some tradeoffs and advantages associated with choosing from among the above four analysis methods. The mobile ranking method may be implemented with the least complex algorithm. The threshold based mobile ranking method requires transmitting the fewest number of messages which alert other components of impending frequency changes. The frequency dwell ranking method results in the lowest interference levels within the system.

As mentioned previously, each of the three base stations in FIG. 1 are assigned to a time frame within a superframe. In one embodiment of the present invention, each base station may only replace frequencies within frequency hop patterns during the frame to which that base station is assigned. This limitation helps reduce the probability that system interference levels will increase due to multiple base stations simultaneously switching to the same high quality system frequencies within simultaneously occurring frequency dwells.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating an example of the steps for reducing interference within a frequency hopping wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention. The flow chart of FIG. 8 may be implemented, for example, as a computer program or as computer hardware using well-known signal processing techniques. If implemented in software, the computer program instructions may be stored in computer readable memory, such as Read-Only Memory (ROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), magnetic disk (e.g., 3.5″ diskette or hard drive), and optical disk (e.g., CD-ROM). The stored programs may be executed, for example, by a general purpose computer which includes a processor. More particularly, the steps illustrated in FIG. 8 may be included within quality measurement module and frequency hop pattern adaptation module illustrated in FIG. .

In step , a base station simultaneously determines a quality value for each frequency available to the wireless communication system and ranks each system frequency as described above. These quality values may be determined using measurements obtained using OFDM methods implemented by both a base station and one or more terminal stations geographically located within the base station's cell (as described above) or may be obtained using OFDM methods implemented by only a base station. In step , the base station identifies each frequency hop pattern in use by each terminal station currently communicating with this particular base station. In step , the base station analyzes each frequency within each identified frequency hop pattern to ascertain those frequencies which should be replaced with system frequencies having a lower interference value. This step may be executed, for example, in accordance with one of the four above described analysis methods. In step , during the appropriate frame of a superframe, this particular base station replaces the ascertained frequencies. The system executes steps - at each base station within the wireless communications system. This procedure is executed independently for uplink and downlink.

Although several embodiments are specifically illustrated herein, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations of the present invention are covered by the above teachings and within the purview of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scope of the invention. For example, although the method of the present invention is described in the context of using OFDM processing techniques, other techniques may also be used to simultaneously obtain interference level measurements for each system frequency.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a system suitable for practicing an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a frequency hop pattern composed of six frequency dwells.

FIG. 3 illustrates a terminal station and a base station suitable for practicing an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates the terminal station and base station of FIG. 3 modified to implement OFDM processing in hardware in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of an OFDM block, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates the terminal station and base station of FIG. 3 modified to implement OFDM processing in software in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates a superframe in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating an example of the steps for performing a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/312,279, filed May 14, 1999, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,549,784 and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/114,080, filed Dec. 28, 1998, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

CLAIMS

1. A method of determining a measure of an interference level at each frequency in a plurality of system frequencies available to a multichannel wireless communication system, comprising: receiving, at a base station, a plurality of measured values representative of an interference level at each frequency in the plurality of system frequencies available to the base station of the multichannel wireless communication system, wherein the interference levels were measured simultaneously; measuring, simultaneously, at the base station, an interference level at each frequency in the plurality of system frequencies; and calculating a quality value for each frequency in the plurality of system frequencies using both the interference levels received at the base station and the interference levels measured at the base station.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving occurs one of after a request issued from the base station and continuously.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein measuring is accomplished using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).

4. A method for reducing interference in a frequency hopping wireless communication system comprising a plurality of base stations each adapted to communicate with one or more of a plurality of terminal stations by transmitting one or more of a plurality of system frequencies through a propagation medium, the method comprising the steps of: measuring, simultaneously, an interference level for each system frequency; and transmitting values representing said measured interference levels through the propagation medium to a base station.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein said measuring step is accomplished using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).

6. A computer-readable medium whose contents cause a computer system to reduce interference in a wireless communications system comprising a plurality of base stations each adapted to communicate with one or more of a plurality of terminal stations by transmitting one or more of a plurality of system frequencies through a propagation medium, the computer-readable medium performing the steps of: measuring, simultaneously, an interference level for each system frequency; and transmitting values representing said measured interference levels through the propagation medium to a base station.

7. The computer-readable medium of claim 6, wherein said measuring step is accomplished using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).

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